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Resumen:
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Entre agosto y octubre 2021 se monitoreó la zona marina costera de Pacasmayo, Malabrigo, Huanchaco, Salaverry y Puerto Morín con el objetivo de determinar e identificar los indicadores de contaminación física, química, microbiológica y caracterizar la comunidad macro bentónica del ambiente marino. El ambiente oceanográfico fue Cálido Débil, las aguas costeras frías (acf) estuvieron mezcladas con las Aguas Subtropicales Superficiales (ASS). La cantidad de oxígeno y pH superficial de la submareal e intermareal, fueron propicias para efectuar actividades de recreación, cultivo y extracción de peces y algas comestibles, así como para la conservación del ambiente acuático. Las intermareales de Pacasmayo, Malabrigo, Huanchaco, Salaverry y Puerto Morín presentaron baja calidad acuática debido a las actividades antrópicas, aportes de aguas continentales, materiales orgánicos y coliformes, incumpliendo el Decreto Supremo N° 004-2017-Minam, 2017. La contaminación fecal se extendió a la submareal de Huanchaco, afectando las actividades de extracción y cultivo de peces y algas comestibles, así como las actividades de recreación poblacional. El suco y la lorna, capturadas en las zonas de pesca de Huanchaquito y El Loro en Pacasmayo, presentaron altas concentraciones de cadmio, cobre y mercurio, de acuerdo a las normas de Chile, Nueva Zelanda y Alemania Occidental; en el caso de cangrejo violáceo capturado en Tres Palos, indica riesgo a la salud de acuerdo con la norma de Chile y Venezuela. El caracol de la zona de pesca de la isla Guañape presentó cadmio y cobre en concentraciones que sobrepasaron la norma de Chile. Los poliquetos cuentan con mayor representatividad en abundancia y densidad total. En Malabrigo alcanzaron 73%: Capitella sp., Glycera sp., Magelona sp.; en Huanchaco 76%: Capitella sp., Magelona sp., Owenia fusiformis, Leitoscoloplos sp., Lagis koreni, y en Salaverry 90%, fue para Capitella sp., Lagis koreni, Magelona sp., Nephtys ferruginea, Owenia fusiformis. Salaverry mostró mayor contaminación, seguido de Huanchaco y Malabrigo, asimismo, se evidenció el incumplimiento de la norma peruana e internacional, y la afectación ecológica estuvo relacionada con el grado de contaminación del agua y sedimento.
ABSTRACT: During the period spanning August to October 2021, an extensive monitoring effort was conducted along the coastal marine regions of Pacasmayo, Malabrigo, Huanchaco, Salaverry, and Puerto Morín. The primary aim was to discern and assess various indicators of physical, chemical, and microbiological contamination while also undertaking a comprehensive characterization of the macrobenthic community within these marine environments. The prevailing oceanographic conditions during this timeframe were categorized as Warm/Weak, with the presence of cold coastal waters (ccw) intermingling with Subtropical Surface Waters (SSW). Notably, oxygen levels and surface pH within the subtidal and intertidal zones were found to be conducive to a range of activities, including recreational pursuits, the culture and extraction of fish, and the harvesting of edible algae. This environmental backdrop also lent itself favorably to the overall preservation of aquatic habitats. However, despite these promising conditions, the intertidal zones of Pacasmayo, Malabrigo, Huanchaco, Salaverry, and Puerto Morín exhibited a concerning decline in water quality. This decline was attributed to a combination of anthropogenic activities, inflows of continental waters, organic pollutants, and coliform contamination, thereby resulting in a violation of the mandates outlined in Supreme Decree No. 004-2017-MINAM, 2017. Of particular note was the extension of fecal contamination into the subtidal zone of Huanchaco, which significantly impacted both the extraction and cultivation of marine resources, as well as recreational activities for local populations. Further analysis revealed elevated levels of cadmium, copper, and mercury in certain marine species, such as Paralonchurus peruanus and Sciaena deliciosa, caught in the fishing grounds of Huanchaquito and El Loro in Pacasmayo, surpassing established standards set by Chile, New Zealand, and West Germany. Similarly, the presence of Platyxanthus orbignyi in Tres Palos raised considerable health concerns in accordance with regulatory guidelines from Chile and Venezuela. Meanwhile, snails harvested from the fishing zone of Guañape Island were found to contain cadmium and copper concentrations that exceeded accepted thresholds as per Chilean standards. In terms of biodiversity, polychaetes emerged as a dominant presence, displaying significant abundance and density levels across the surveyed regions. Notably, Malabrigo recorded a composition of 73% polychaetes, including species such as Capitella sp., Glycera sp., Magelona sp. In comparison, Huanchaco and Salaverry exhibited even higher percentages, with 76% and 90% respectively, showcasing a diverse array of species including Capitella sp., Magelona sp., Owenia fusiformis, Leitoscoloplos sp., Lagis koreni, Nephtys ferruginea, and Owenia fusiformis. Of particular concern was the escalated contamination levels observed in Salaverry, followed closely by Huanchaco and Malabrigo. These findings underscored a significant breach of both Peruvian and international environmental regulations, with ecological integrity suffering as a direct consequence of heightened water and sediment contamination levels.
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